Synfire vs rapidcomposer3/17/2023 The above scenario for syllable transitions might of course also be true for note transitions, but it is more difficult to imagine how these would occur because notes are not separated by inspiratory minibreaths. In cats, however, the general role of respiratory input within the context of vocalization, and the specific importance of pulmonary feedback for the ability to vocalize, was explored and demonstrated over 15 years ago ( Davis and Zhang, 1996 Davis et al., 1996 Nakazawa et al., 1997). ![]() This possibility has only recently been explored in songbirds ( Mendez et al., 2010) and a general role for sensory input into vocal control is generally under appreciated. ![]() Because PAm receives a strong input from the lateral parasolitary nucleus (lPs) of nTS, it is conceivable that the transition from a minibreath to the generation of a new timing signal would be strongly influenced by vagal inputs that relay to PAm, via nTS, afferent signals regarding the internal state of the respiratory periphery (lungs, air sacs). Interrupting this signal, either by stimulation in PAm or by a lesion of Uva, would presumably prevent this transition to the next syllable, which is in fact what is observed experimentally ( Ashmore et al., 2005 Coleman and Vu, 2005). Following the production of a given syllable, the switch from EP to inspiratory minibreath might activate intrinsic dynamics within PAm that could lead to the eventual initiation of the next syllable through precisely generated timing signals that are transmitted by the “respiratory-thalamic” pathway to HVC, where they could activate a different local synfire chain that would code for the next syllable ( Gibb et al., 2009a). Here, too the respiratory system might play a critical role. How this transformation occurs is not known, but an interesting question for future work is how much of the characteristics of the respiratory pattern are determined by the precise timing of the input (from dorsal RA) and how much by the dynamical properties of the respiratory system.īecause songs are not made up of single syllables, a key unanswered question is how syllable sequences are generated. ![]() This same code from HVC would also be sent, via dorsal RA, to the respiratory brainstem where intrinsic dynamics within vocal-respiratory networks would transform this code into a syllable-specific respiratory pattern. Not only is the respiratory system involved in transforming vocal motor commands into respiratory gestures (EPs or IPs), but it is also well placed to play a fundamental role in shaping overall song temporal pattern and syllable sequencing.ĭuring the production of a given song syllable, one might imagine that motor commands generated by syllable-specific local synfire chains in HVC send a precisely timed code that, after being transformed in ventral RA, activates syringeal motoneurons in ways that determine the acoustic characteristics of that syllable. The existence of a recurrent loop linking the respiratory brainstem back to “cortical” vocal control nuclei and the ability to synchronize hemispheres at least once per syllable offers an interesting perspective on the role of the respiratory system in vocal production. Martin Wild, in Progress in Brain Research, 2014 5.4 Integrating the Respiratory System with Song Control
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